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Evolution of composite fouling on a vertical stainless steel surface caused by treated sewage

Cheng ZAN, Lin SHI, Xiujuan MA, Wenyan YANG,

《能源前沿（英文）》 2010年 第4卷 第2期   页码 171-180 doi: 10.1007/s11708-009-0068-z

摘要： Composite biological and inorganic fouling occurs in plate heat exchangers (PHEs) using treated sewage as heat transfer medium, which lowers the heat transfer coefficient and increases the frictional resistance. In order to optimize the heat exchange process and improve the anti-fouling strategies, the dynamic behavior of composite fouling at a vertical surface of stainless steel (ANSI 316L) was investigated under typical conditions of PHEs. The growth curves of composite fouling were obtained. The evolution of composite fouling was characterized by means of environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). Backscattered Electron Image (BEI) and energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (EDS) were used as aids in interpreting the results. The experimental results show that a preliminary stage of a 6-day period with a low fouling growth rate exists during the composite fouling development. A significant change of the fouling growth rate happens after the preliminary stage during which the bacterial behaviors at the surface could be recorded clearly. After the preliminary stage, a space net-shape, mainly consisting of bacteria, extracellular products (EPS) and inorganic particles, could be established on the surface of the fouling layer. The change of fouling growth rate occurs synchronously with the evolution.

关键词： treated sewage     plate heat exchanger     stainless steel     composite fouling     biofouling    

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Recovering humic substances from the dewatering effluent of thermally treated sludge and its performance

Yuning YANG,Huan LI

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2016年 第10卷 第3期   页码 578-584 doi: 10.1007/s11783-015-0827-5

摘要： The biologic treatment of the dewatering effluent from thermally treated sludge is difficult due to the high concentration of refractory humic substances. On the other hand, humic substances are an important source of organic fertilizer. In this study, a novel process using ferric coagulant was developed to recover humic substances from dewatering effluent for use as an organic fertilizer. When ferric coagulant was applied to raw dewatering effluent, up to 70% of humic substances were enmeshed by hydrolyzed ferric ions at an optimum pH of 4.5. The proper mass ratio of iron ions to humic substances was 0.6. In the recovered material, humic substances accounted for 24.2% of the total dry solids, and the amount of phosphorus (equivalent phosphorus pentoxide) was 6.2%. Heavy metals and other components all met the legal requirements for organic fertilizer. When the recovered material was applied to soybeans, the germination and growth of the seeds was significantly improved.

关键词： sewage sludge     humic substances     recovery     phosphorus     fertilizer    

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Effect of loading rate on shear strength parameters of mechanically and biologically treated waste

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2022年 第16卷 第12期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-022-1595-7

摘要：

● Mechanical behavior of MBT waste affected by loading rate was investigated.

关键词： Mechanically and biologically treated waste     Landfill     Triaxial test     Loading rate     Axial strain     Shear strength parameter    

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Characterization of humic substances in bio-treated municipal solid waste landfill leachate

Guangxia QI, Dongbei YUE, Yongfeng NIE

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2012年 第6卷 第5期   页码 711-716 doi: 10.1007/s11783-012-0421-z

摘要： Considerable organic matter remains in municipal solid waste landfill leachate after biological treatments. Humic substances (HSs) dominate the organic matter in bio-treated landfill leachate. In this study, the HSs from landfill leachate treated by membrane bioreactor (MBR-HSs) were analyzed via elemental analysis, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and charge polarized magic-angle spinning- C-nuclear magnetic resonance. The characteristic absorption in the UV wavelength range indicated the presence of high C=C and C=O double bonds within the MBR-HSs. Compared with commercial HSs, MBR-HSs had lower carbon content [48.14% for fulvic acids (FA) and 49.52% for humic acids (HA)], higher nitrogen content (4.31% for FA and 6.16% for HA), lower aromatic structure content, and higher carbohydrate and carboxylic atoms of carbon content. FA predominantly had an aliphatic structure, and HA had less condensed or substituted aromatic ring structures than natural HA. The aromatic carbon content of MBR-HSs was lower than that of humus-derived HSs but higher than that of waste-derived HSs, indicating that MBR-HSs appeared to be more similar to humus-derived HSs than waste-derived HA.

关键词： bio-treated landfill leachate     humic substances     elemental analysis     spectroscopic characteristics    

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CFD based combustion model for sewage sludge gasification in a fluidized bed

Yiqun WANG, Lifeng YAN

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2009年 第3卷 第2期   页码 138-145 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0050-7

摘要： Gasification is one potential way to use sewage sludge as renewable energy and solve the environmental problems caused by the huge amount of sewage sludge. In this paper, a three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model has been developed to simulate the sewage sludge gasification process in a fluidized bed. The model describes the complex physical and chemical phenomena in the gasifier including turbulent flow, heat and mass transfer, and chemical reactions. The model is based on the Eulerian-Lagrangian concept using the non-premixed combustion modeling approach. In terms of the CFD software FLUENT, which represents a powerful tool for gasifier analysis, the simulations provide detailed information on the gas products and temperature distribution in the gasifier. The model sensitivity is analyzed by performing the model in a laboratory-scale fluidized bed in the literature, and the model validation is carried out by comparing with experimental data from the literature. Results show that reasonably good agreement was achieved. Effects of temperature and Equivalence Ratio (ER) on the quality of product syngas (H + CO) are also studied.

关键词： CFD     model     sewage sludge     gasification     syngas    

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Pollution of NPEOs in four municipal sewage treatment plants in the north of China

HOU Shaogang, SUN Hongwen

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第2期   页码 196-201 doi: 10.1007/s11783-007-0034-0

摘要： The concentration and distribution of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs represents the mixture, and NPEO represents the monomer) and its metabolites in the influent and effluent of four municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the north of China were measured. Moreover, the concentration and distribution of the above chemicals in the sludge of two STPs were also determined, and the transfer and fate of NPEOs in the sewage treatment process were discussed primarily by analyzing the distribution of the products in the effluent and the sludge. The results showed that NPEOs and its metabolites existed in all the samples of the influent, effluent, and sludge. NPEOs were degraded in the sewage treatment process with the removal efficiency in the range of 23.38% 77.11%, or an average of 52.86%. However, the large analogs of NPEO were only degraded to small ones, whose degradation rate was rather slow, and consequently the degradation was not complete. Hence, the concentrations of some small metabolites, such as nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) were elevated in the effluent. These small metabolites are more toxic than the large NPnEO analogs, and some of them were reported to exhibit environmental endocrine disrupting activity. From this point of view, the process of sewage treatment does not reduce but elevate the risk of NPEOs, which becomes the main source of these small NPEO in the environment. The sludge exhibited good adsorption ability for NPEOs, especially for the small analogs, which led to the high level of NPEOs in the sludge. Hence, reasonable disposal of the surplus sludge to avoid re-pollution is very important.
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Biodegradation of triclosan and triclocarban in sewage sludge during composting under three ventilation

Bao Yu, Guodi Zheng, Xuedong Wang, Min Wang, Tongbin Chen

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2019年 第13卷 第3期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-019-1125-4

摘要：

TCS and TCC can be biodegraded during sewage sludge composting.

Ventilation significantly accelerated the biodegradation of TCS and TCC in sludge.

Composting can reduce the environmental risk of TCS and TCC in sewage sludge.

关键词： Sewage sludge     Compost     Triclosan     Triclocarban     Ventilation     Risk assessment    

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Characterization of value-added chemicals derived from the thermal hydrolysis and wet oxidation of sewage

Milan Malhotra, Anurag Garg

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第1期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1305-2

摘要： Abstract • Hydrothermal treatment can greatly improve resource recovery from sewage sludge. • tCOD removal during WO was ~55% compared with ~23% after TH. • TOC solubilization during hydrothermal treatment followed first-order kinetics. • Solids and carbon balance confirmed loss of organics during thermal hydrolysis. • Reaction pathways for thermal hydrolysis and wet oxidation are proposed. We evaluated the effect of hydrothermal pretreatments, i.e., thermal hydrolysis (TH) and wet oxidation (WO) on sewage sludge to promote resource recovery. The hydrothermal processes were performed under mild temperature conditions (140°C–180°C) in a high pressure reactor. The reaction in acidic environment (pH= 3.3) suppressed the formation of the color imparting undesirable Maillard’s compounds. The oxidative conditions resulted in higher volatile suspended solids (VSS) reduction (~90%) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal (~55%) whereas TH caused VSS and COD removals of ~65% and ~27%, respectively at a temperature of 180°C. During TH, the concentrations of carbohydrates and proteins in treated sludge were 400–1000 mg/L and 1500–2500 mg/L, respectively. Whereas, WO resulted in solids solubilization followed by oxidative degradation of organics into smaller molecular weight carboxylic acids such as acetic acid (~400–500 mg/L). Based on sludge transformation products generated during the hydrothermal pretreatments, simplified reaction pathways are predicted. Finally, the application of macromolecules (such as proteins), VFAs and nutrients present in the treated sludge are also discussed. The future study should focus on the development of economic recovery methods for various value-added compounds.

关键词： Hydrothermal pretreatment     Reaction kinetics     Reaction pathway     Sewage sludge     Thermal hydrolysis     Wet oxidation    

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Influencing mechanism of high solid concentration on anaerobic mono-digestion of sewage sludge without

Yuyao ZHANG,Huan LI,Can LIU,Yingchao CHENG

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2015年 第9卷 第6期   页码 1108-1116 doi: 10.1007/s11783-015-0806-x

摘要： High-solids anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge was a promising process, but high solid concentration negatively influenced methane production. The influencing mechanism was systematically analyzed in this study through a series of static anaerobic digestion experiments at total solids (TS) contents of 3%–15%. The results showed that TS 6% was the boundary between low-solids and high-solids anaerobic digestion, and the accumulative methane yield decreased exponentially when TS increased from 6% to 15%. The performance of anaerobic digestion was directly determined by the efficiency of mass transfer, and the relation between methane yield and sludge diffusive coefficients was well described by a power function. Thus, the increasing TS resulted in an exponential increase in sludge viscosity but an exponential decrease in diffusive coefficient. The blocked mass transfer led to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and free ammonia. Acetic metabolism was the main process, whereas butyric and propionic metabolisms occurred at the initial stage of high-solids anaerobic digestion. The concentration of VFAs reached the maximum at the initial stage, which were still lower than the threshold influencing methanogens. The concentration of free ammonia increased gradually, and the methanogenesis was inhibited when free ammonia nitrogen exceeded 50 mg·L . Consequently, the deterioration of high-solids anaerobic digestion was related to the blocked mass transfer and the resulting ammonia accumulation.

关键词： anaerobic digestion     methane     sewage sludge     volatile fatty acids     free ammonia    

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84-month observational study of the changes in CD4 T-lymphocyte cell count of 110 HIV/AIDS patients treated

null

《医学前沿（英文）》 2014年 第8卷 第3期   页码 362-367 doi: 10.1007/s11684-014-0363-x

摘要：

This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) by observing the changes in CD4 T-lymphocyte cell count of 110 cases with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) treated continuously with TCM for 84 months. Information of 110 HIV/AIDS patients from 19 provinces and cities treated with TCM from 2004 to 2013 was collected. Changes in the indexes of CD4 counts (≤200, 201–350, 351–500 and>500 cells/mm3) at five time points (0, 12, 36, 60 and 84 months) and different treatments [TCM and TCM plus antiretroviral therapy (ART)] were compared. Repeated measures test indicated no interaction between group and time (P>0.05). Degrees of increasing and decreasing CD4 count of the two groups at four different frames were statistically significant compared with the baseline. The CD4 count between the two groups was not statistically significant. For CD4 count of≤200 cells/mm3, the mean CD4 count changes were 21 and 28 cells/mm3 per year for the TCM group and TCM plus ART group, respectively. For CD4 count of 201–350 cells/mm3, the mean CD4 count changes were 6 and 25 cells/mm3 per year for the TCM group and TCM plus ART group, respectively. For CD4 count of 351–500 cells/mm3, the mean CD4 count changes were -13 and -7 cells/mm3 per year for the TCM group and TCM plus ART group, respectively. For CD4 count of>500 cells/mm3, the mean CD4 count changes were -34 and -17 cells/mm3 per year for the TCM group and TCM plus ART group, respectively. Long-term use of TCM could maintain or slow the pace of declining CD4 counts in patients with HIV/AIDS, and may achieve lasting effectiveness.

关键词： AIDS     HIV     CD4     traditional Chinese medicine     linear models    

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High-solid anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: achievements and perspectives

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2021年 第15卷 第4期 doi: 10.1007/s11783-020-1364-4

摘要：

• High-solid anaerobic digestion (HS-AD) of sewage sludge (SS) is overviewed.

关键词： High-solid effect     Anaerobic fermentation     Methane production     Biodegradability     Sludge treatment    

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Improved local control without elective nodal radiotherapy in patients with unresectable NSCLC treated

YANG Kunyu, LIU Li, ZHANG Tao, WU Gang, CAO Fengjun, WANG Jianhua

《医学前沿（英文）》 2007年 第1卷 第4期   页码 381-385 doi: 10.1007/s11684-007-0074-7

摘要： To investigate the influence of prophylactic elective nodal irradiation on the therapeutic results of definitive radiotherapy for patients with stage IIIA or stage IIIB unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer, 55 patients with clinically inoperable advanced non-small-cell lung cancer were studied. After four cycles of induction chemotherapy, the patients were divided into two groups at random. In one group, the elective nodal irradiation was included in clinical tumor volume (CTV) of definitive radiotherapy (ENI group); and in the other group, elective nodal irradiation was not included in CTV (non-ENI group). For the patients in the ENI group, the mean prescription dose for gross tumor volumes was 58.4 Gy, while for the patients in the non-ENI group, it was 65.8 Gy (<0.05). The responsive rates were 45.8% and 74.0% (<0.05), and the rate of the elective nodal failure (ENF) was 4.2% and 11.1%, respectively. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the mean local-progression-free survival time was 11.0 and 15.0 months, and one-year local-failure rates were 51.9% and 24.5% (<0.05). The median overall survival time was 13.0 and 15.0 months, respectively ( = 0.084). The one-year survival rates were 55.7% and 72.5%, and two-year survival rates were 0% and 19.9%. There was no significant difference in the occurrences of radiation-associated complications between the two groups. Our results showed that omitting elective nodal irradiation did not result in a high incidence of elective nodal failure. On the contrary, it decreased local failure by increasing prescription doses to the primary diseases and lymphadenopaphy, and thereby it may further prolong the patients survival.

关键词： significant difference     irradiation     unresectable non-small-cell     induction chemotherapy     influence    

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Research on combustion characteristics of bio-oil from sewage sludge

Rui LI, Baosheng JIN, Xiangru JIA, Zhaoping ZHONG, Gang XIAO, Xufeng FU

《化学科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2009年 第3卷 第2期   页码 161-166 doi: 10.1007/s11705-009-0057-0

摘要： Combustion characteristics of bio-oil from sewage sludge were investigated using thermogravimetry (TG) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) techniques. The combustion process could be divided into two weight loss stages. Light compounds volatilized and were oxidized in the first stage and the heterogeneous combustion between oxygen and heavy compounds happened in the second stage, which were confirmed by FT-IR technique. Most weight loss occurred in the first stage. The effect of heating rate was also studied and higher heating rates were found to facilitate the combustion process. The kinetic parameters of the two stages were calculated and the change of activation energy indicated higher heating rates benefited combustion.

关键词： bio-oil from sewage sludge     fast pyrolysis     combustion characteristics     TG-FT-IR     kinetic    

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Occurrence of estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals concern in sewage plant effluent

Yan SUN, Huang HUANG, Ying SUN, Chao WANG, Xiaolei SHI, Hongying HU, Takashi KAMEYA, Koichi FUJIE

《环境科学与工程前沿（英文）》 2014年 第8卷 第1期   页码 18-26 doi: 10.1007/s11783-013-0573-5

摘要： The purpose of this study was to give a worldwide overview of the concentrations of typical estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the effluent of sewage plants and then compare the concentration distribution of the estrogenic EDCs in ten countries based on the survey data of the estrogenic EDCs research. The concentrations of three main categories (totally eight kinds) of estrogenic EDCs including steroidal estrogens (estrone (E1), estradiol (E2), estriol (E3) and 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2)), phenolic compounds (nonylphenol (NP) and bisphenol A (BPA)) and phthalate esters (dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and dibutyl phthalate (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) in the effluents of sewage plants reported in major international journals over the past decade were collected. The statistics showed that the concentration distributions of eight kinds of EDCs were in the range of ng·L to μg·L . The concentrations of steroidal estrogens mainly ranged within 50.00 ng·L , and the median concentrations of E1, E2, E3 and EE2 were 11.00, 3.68, 4.90 and 1.00 ng·L , respectively. Phenolic compounds and phthalate esters were found at μg·L level (some individual values were at the high level of 40.00 μg·L ). The median concentrations of BPA, NP, DBP and DEHP were 0.06, 0.55, 0.07 and 0.88 μg·L , respectively. The concentrations of phenolic compounds and phthalate esters in the effluents were higher than that of steroids estrogens. The analysis of the concentration in various ten countries showed that steroids estrogens, phenolic compounds and phthalate esters in sewage plant effluents were detected with high concentration in Canada, Spain and China, respectively.

关键词： estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals     concentration distribution     sewage plant    

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Analysis of cement-treated clay behavior by micromechanical approach

Dong-Mei ZHANG, Zhen-Yu YIN, Pierre-Yves HICHER, Hong-Wei HUANG

《结构与土木工程前沿（英文）》 2013年 第7卷 第2期   页码 137-153 doi: 10.1007/s11709-013-0204-z

摘要： Experimental results show the significant influence of cement content on the mechanical properties of cement-treated clays. Cementation is produced by mixing a certain amount of cement with the saturated clay. The purpose of this paper is to model the cementation effect on the mechanical behavior of cement-treated clay. A micromechanical stress-strain model is developed considering explicitly the cementation at inter-cluster contacts. The inter-cluster bonding and debonding during mechanical loading are introduced in two ways: an additional cohesion in the shear sliding and a higher yield stress in normal compression. The model is used to simulate isotropic compression and undrained triaxial tests under various confining stresses on cement-treated Ariake clay and Singapore clay with various cement contents. The applicability of the present model is evaluated through comparisons between numerical and experimental results. The evolution of local stresses and local strains in inter-cluster planes are discussed in order to explain the induced anisotropy due to debonding at contact level under the applied loads. The numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed micromechanical approach is well adapted for taking into account the main physical properties of cement-treated clay, including damage and induced anisotropy under mechanical loading.

关键词： microstructure     cementation     clay     micromechanics     anisotropy     debonding    

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标题 作者 时间 类型 操作

Evolution of composite fouling on a vertical stainless steel surface caused by treated sewage

Cheng ZAN, Lin SHI, Xiujuan MA, Wenyan YANG,

期刊论文

Recovering humic substances from the dewatering effluent of thermally treated sludge and its performance

Yuning YANG,Huan LI

期刊论文

Effect of loading rate on shear strength parameters of mechanically and biologically treated waste

期刊论文

Characterization of humic substances in bio-treated municipal solid waste landfill leachate

Guangxia QI, Dongbei YUE, Yongfeng NIE

期刊论文

CFD based combustion model for sewage sludge gasification in a fluidized bed

Yiqun WANG, Lifeng YAN

期刊论文

Pollution of NPEOs in four municipal sewage treatment plants in the north of China

HOU Shaogang, SUN Hongwen

期刊论文

Biodegradation of triclosan and triclocarban in sewage sludge during composting under three ventilation

Bao Yu, Guodi Zheng, Xuedong Wang, Min Wang, Tongbin Chen

期刊论文

Characterization of value-added chemicals derived from the thermal hydrolysis and wet oxidation of sewage

Milan Malhotra, Anurag Garg

期刊论文

Influencing mechanism of high solid concentration on anaerobic mono-digestion of sewage sludge without

Yuyao ZHANG,Huan LI,Can LIU,Yingchao CHENG

期刊论文

84-month observational study of the changes in CD4 T-lymphocyte cell count of 110 HIV/AIDS patients treated

null

期刊论文

High-solid anaerobic digestion of sewage sludge: achievements and perspectives

期刊论文

Improved local control without elective nodal radiotherapy in patients with unresectable NSCLC treated

YANG Kunyu, LIU Li, ZHANG Tao, WU Gang, CAO Fengjun, WANG Jianhua

期刊论文

Research on combustion characteristics of bio-oil from sewage sludge

Rui LI, Baosheng JIN, Xiangru JIA, Zhaoping ZHONG, Gang XIAO, Xufeng FU

期刊论文

Occurrence of estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals concern in sewage plant effluent

Yan SUN, Huang HUANG, Ying SUN, Chao WANG, Xiaolei SHI, Hongying HU, Takashi KAMEYA, Koichi FUJIE

期刊论文

Analysis of cement-treated clay behavior by micromechanical approach

Dong-Mei ZHANG, Zhen-Yu YIN, Pierre-Yves HICHER, Hong-Wei HUANG

期刊论文